Saturday, September 17, 2016

Blessed are the cheesemakers

     "The raising and habitual using of Tobacco is contrary to the spirit of the Gospel.  The weed is a narcotic poison; so virulent that a drop of its oil is a fatal dose.  A wilted leaf placed on the breast of a child will soon be followed by death.  Its use is an exceedingly filthy and loathsome practice in all its parts and phases.  Its nauseous and unsightly pools of disgusting slime are almost unendurable; defiling every thing with which they come in contact.  It unnerves the system, injures the health, produces irritability of temper, and creates an appetite for strong drink.  The raising and using of it involve an inexcusable waste of time, a perversion of valuable lands, and a misapplication of millions of money.
     "The raising of the wine-plant and hops for the market we regard as little better than the rum traffic generally.
     "We place the making of cheese, and the selling or delivery of milk to the factory on the Sabbath, in the category with Sabbath-breaking generally.
     "Adopted by the Conference."

     Committee on Raising and Using Tobacco, Raising Hops, Raising the Wine Plant, and Making Cheese on the Sabbath, Minutes of the [Fifth] Genesee Annual Conference [of the Free Methodist Church], Akron, New York, Sept[ember] 29, 1864.
     This seems to have been an ad hoc committee, as it does not appear either before or after this point in the Minutes of the Genesee Annual Conference.
     Are all of the claims about tobacco accurate?  The statement on the making of cheese makes, of course, perfect sense, especially if meant to be closely associated with (as seems undeniable) the phrase "on the Sabbath".  And, of course, Genesee County, New York, would have been a dairy region.  Still, it strikes the funny bone for some reason today.
     At the Third Genesee Annual Conference of 1862, by contrast, a powerful resolution on slavery had been adopted.

Tuesday, September 13, 2016

give simplicity "side of" complexity

I would not give a fig for the simplicity this side of complexity, but I would give my life for the simplicity on the other side of complexity.

And variants (care not a bit; nickel | right arm, anything I have, everything I have | far side; etc., etc.).


     Oliver Wendell Holmes (Jr.)?  I have my doubts.  I wasn't able to turn up so much as a promising initial clue via a Google Books search stripped down to the following:  give simplicity "side of" complexity.  Indeed, it raised suspicions the moment I first encountered it.  Published attributions I've seen alternative to Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. and Jr. (cumulative):  Albert Einstein and George Bernard Shaw.

     Update, 20 May 2020:  the only hit on the phrase "other side of complexity" in the Hathi Trust Digital Library prior to and including 1935 (the year Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. died) is this one, on Benjamin Jowett, in the words of C. G. Montefiore.  And in the earliest viewable Hathi Trust hit on that same phrase after 1935, dated 1976, it (or something very like it) is attributed to George Bernard Shaw.  Nor did I have any luck before 1935 with just "side of complexity", though I checked, of the 90 or so hits on that, only those that actually looked promising.  I'm starting a timeline that could be supplemented with a search of, say, 19th-century full-text:

  • 1900:  "it was a simple Theism.  But it was simplicity with a difference.  It was the simplicity which, so to speak, lies on the other side of complexity" (C. G. Montefiore on Benjamin Jowett, Jewish quarterly review 12 (1900):  301).
  • 1968 March & November:  "Again we borrow, this time more directly, from [Stanford religious (i.e Hebrew) studies] Professor [Edwin] Good['s Founder’s Day Address of March of 1968]:  'I have not been able to ascertain the source of a remark that I believe is a profound one:  "I do not care a fig for the simplicity that lies on this side of complexity; but I would put my life at the service of the simplicity that lies on the other side of complexity."  That, I suggest, is the long-range goal of the enterprise in which we are all engaged.'  We agree" (The study and its purposes, The Study of Education at Stanford.  Report to the University, November 1968, p. 11).  This was the earliest version of the full quote (with that "do not care a fig for"-"would put my life at the service of" element) that I was seeing via Google Books Advanced Search on 20 May 2020.
  • 1976, at the link above.

Sunday, September 11, 2016

An informed and operative "faith before feeling"

Look upon us, O God, creator and ruler of all things,
and, that we may feel the working of your mercy,
grant that we may serve you with all our heart.
Through. . . .

Respice nos, rerum omnium deus creator et rector,
et, ut tuae propitiationis sentiamus effectum,
toto nos tribue tibi corde servire.
Per. . . .

Sacramentarium Veronense, fol. 132r
(ed. Mohlberg, pp. 161-162).
Bibliotheca Capitularis Veronensis
     Collect for the Twenty-Fourth Sunday in Ordinary Time, Roman missal.
     This is "Leonine" i.e. Veronese sacramentary no. 1045, and, according to Corpus orationum (no. 5110), at least, hadn't appeared in any others since, until re-enlisted for the Missal of 1970.  This means that it was abandoned after the early 7th, 6th, or even 5th century, depending upon when it was actually composed.  In the edition of the "Leonine" ed. Mohlberg, "et" follows rather than precedes "ut":  "Respice nos, rerum omnium deus creator et rector; ut et tuae propitiationis sentiamus effectum, toto nos tribue tibi corde servire:  per" (p. 132, i.e. fol. 107r).
     What's striking to me about this prayer is that it assumes that the Lord must make it possible for us to serve him wholeheartedly if we are going to "feel the operation of [his] propitiation".

Friday, September 9, 2016

"To generate and superinduce a new nature or new natures, upon a given body, is the labor and aim of human power."

"Super datum corpus novam naturam sive novas naturas generare et superinducere, opus et intentio est humanae potentiae."

     Francis Bacon, Novum organum II.1, trans. William Wood.  I was put onto this by Michael Hanby, "A more perfect absolutism," First things no. 166 (October 2016):  28 (25-31):
If nature is essentially a machine or, in contemporary nomenclature, a system, then the knowledge of nature is essentially engineering.  The task of science, as Bacon put it, is 'to generate or superinduce on a given body a new nature or natures.'  And if knowledge of nature is really engineering, then the truth of this knowledge is essentially whatever is technically possible.  But since the ultimate limits of possibility can only be discovered by perpetually transgressing the present limits of possibility, a technological view of nature and truth commences an interminable revolution against every antecedent order or given limit.  A thoroughgoing technological society will therefore establish revolution as a permanent principle, paradoxically giving it the stability of an institutional form.
Hanby quotes Bacon more accurately in "The gospel of creation and the technocratic paradigm:  reflections on a central teaching of Laudato Si," Communio:  international Catholic review 42 (Winter 2015):  724-747:
If nature is really an artifact or a machine, then knowledge of nature is essentially engineering, and the truth of this knowledge is simply whatever is technically possible.  And if 'natural' really means just 'possible,' then it is the exceptions, which reveal what is possible, that define the norm.  But since we can discover the ultimate limits of technological possibility only by transgressing the present limits of possibility, the technological paradign commits us to a perpetual war against the given limitations of nature [(733; Bacon is quoted in footnote no. 29, the one following the word 'norm')].
     Latin from Bacon's Novum organum, ed. Thomas Fowler, 2nd ed., corr. & rev. (Oxford:  Clarendon Press, 1889), 343.
     By "natures" (naturae), Bacon seems to have meant something like the simple and (in combination) complex properties that bodies (corpora) canin keeping with "laws of matter" (legibus materiae, II.4) that, if exceptionless, constitute what Bacon calls "form" (forma (II.2, 4))be induced to exhibit or bear.  These (e.g. "whiteness", "heat" (II.3), "color", "weight", "transparency", "tenacity", "vegetation" (II.4), "malleability", "ductility", non-volatility, flammability, meltability, separability, solubility, "stability", "deliquescence" (II.5), etc.) we might call qualities, characteristics, or even accidents, rather than natures in some more deeply metaphysical sense.  They can be "superinduced . . . upon a given body" in combination in such a way as to transform, say, silver into gold, but each is conceptually simple.
     But all of that within the context of the claim that whatever can be accomplished in practice "is most correct in theory" (quod in operando utilissimum, id in sciendo verissimum (II.4)).
     It is the latter point that has to be the main one here.  What we suffer from, according to Hanby, are the implications of this Baconian "pragmatism" as they have worked themselves out downstream:  this identification of the true with what can be physically "superinduced", this reduction of "metaphysics" to "physics" (II.9).
     For this reason, the fact that Bacon wasn't actually talking about "nature" in some more deeply metaphysical sense (e.g. what it means to be human, or a human male on the one hand and a human female on the other) is of less importance than this mentalité that he insinuated in germ, this idea that the truth about me can be discovered or confirmed by physical manipulation experimentally.  And that it can therefore be anything allowed for by the laws of "physics" (as, for example, a "reality" "superinduced" or confirmed by surgery).

Tuesday, September 6, 2016

"I don't know if it's any better with the Anglican Church in England, but the Episcopalian Church in America seems to have gone stark raving mad."

The Poetry Foundation
     W. H. Auden, "Liturgy, Reform of," in A certain world:  a commonplace book (New York:  The Viking Press, 1970), 225 (225-226), as quoted by Alan Jacobs in "The poet in old age," Books and culture 22, no. 5 (September/October 2016):  33 (32-33).
     What Auden has in mind are "some features of a proposed reformed Holy Communion service", namely the omission of the Prayer of Humble Access, the General Confession, and the Filioque; the "futile attempt" "to pray for all sorts and conditions of men" during the Prayer for the Church Militant (italics mine); and the use of "some appalling 'modern' translation."
The poor Roman Catholics have had to start from scratch, and, as any of them with a feeling for language will admit, they have made a cacophonous horror of the Mass.  We had the extraordinary good fortune in that our Book of Common Prayer was composed at exactly the right historical moment. . . . Why should we spit on our luck?

Wednesday, August 31, 2016

George Fox "advocated a Protestant war of liberation in Europe"

"Friend, thou shouldest have invited all the Christians upon earth in all Nations that are against popery to thee, to come in and joyn with thee against popery, for thou hast had authority, stand to it, loose it not, nor abuse it, nor let any other take thy Crown, and do not stand cumbering thy self about dirty Priests that flatter thee for means, for thou hast had fair warnings, and thou hast had power over Nations, for Nations begins to be upon heaps, and Nations and tongues, and multitudes are waters, and the beast hath power over them who hath long reigned, and they begin to swell, and the whore sits upon them; neverthelesse, do not thou heed nor fear them, nor be of a doubtful mind, neither fear their amazements, but let thy heart be single to God, and wait, that the seed of God in thee may come until the top stone be layed, and invite all them that professe against the Pope in all Nations to joyn with thee against him, and do not loose thy Dominion nor authority, nor the wisdom of God, but with that thou may order all, that will keep thee single in heart and mind to the Lord, and let thy souldiers go forth with a free willing heart, that thou may rock Nations as a cradle, and keep thou in the fear of the Lord, and all thy souldiers, and them that be under thee, this is a charge to thee in the presence of the Lord God, that thou nor them may lose the dread of the Lord, for that is it that strikes terror in the hearts of all people. . . ."

     George Fox to Oliver Cromwell, in a letter "Written the tenth of the 6th month, 1657".  Edward Burrough and George Fox, Good counsel and advice rejected by disobedient men and the dayes of Oliver Cromwells visitation passed over, and also of Richard Cromwel his son . . . (London:  Thomas Simmons, 1659), 36-37all underscoring mine.  The title of this post is taken from Alan Cole, "The Quakers and the English Revolution," in Crisis in Europe, 1560-1660, ed. Trevor Aston (New York:  Basic Books, 1965), 349, who claims that it was not until the famous Declaration of January of 1661 (Declaration from the harmless & innocent people of God, called Quakers, against all sedition, plotters & fighters in the world . . . presented unto the king, upon the 21th day of the 11th moneth, 1660) that the movement became, in response to the new political situation, recognizably pacifist.  The letter on pp. 26-27 is cited as well, but it doesn't seem to me to be as unambiguous.  See, more importantly, the scan of the original in Google Books.  I have no idea where the scholarship is on this topic (or its mid-17th-century context) at present.

Monday, August 29, 2016

A run-of-the-mill Lutheran definition of faith

"Faith is permitting ourselves to be seized by the things we do not see."

     The English derives from a translation of Heidegger ("Glaube ist das Sichgefangengeben in den Sachen, die wir nicht sehen" ("Phänomenologie und Theologie" (1928), in Wegmarken, in GA I.9, p. 59)), and Heidegger cite
s the Erlangen edition, vol. 46, p. 287, which equals WA 47, p. 27, which equals LW 22, p. 298 (Sermons on the Gospel of St. John, chap. 3, sermon no. 23, 6 April 1538), as trans. Martin H. Bertram:
This is what makes the pope, the Turk, and all the sects pupils of the devil: in the affairs of God they insist on understanding everything and refuse to take anything on faith. They refuse to submit to the things that must be believed without being seen, although they have to do this in physical things, which they can both grasp and feel. 
Erlangen:  Derhalben so ist der Papst, Turke und alle Rotten des leidigen Teufels Schuler, die in Gottes Sachen Alles wissen wollen und Nichts glauben, wollen sich nicht gefangen geben in den Sachen, die do mussen gegläubet und nicht gesehen werden, und sie mussen es doch in andern leiblichen Dingen thun, do sie doch sonst greifen und fuhlen. 
Weimar:  Derhalben so ist der Bapst, Turcke und alle Rotten des leidigen Teuffels Schuler, die in gottes sachen alles wissen wollen und nichts glauben, wollen sich nicht gefangen geben in den sachen, die do mussen gegleubet und nicht gesehen werden, und sie mussen es doch in andern leiblichen diengen thun, do sie doch sonst greiffen und fhulen.