Saturday, October 25, 2025

Neither hero nor villain

"Thus Columbus-the-hero and Columbus-the-villain live on, mutually sustained by the passion which continuing controversy imparts to their supporters. No argument can dispel [either of] the[se two falsehoods], however convincing; no evidence, however compelling. They have eclipsed the real Columbus and, judged by their effects, have outstriped him in importance. For one of the sad lessons historians learn is that history is influenced less by the facts as they happen than by the falsehoods men believe."

     Felipe Fernández-Armesto, at the time Professor of Modern History, University of Oxford, and the author of an important Columbus biography published by Oxford University Press in 1991 ("arguably one of the best-written and most historically sensitive" available, according to Dr. Valerie I. J. Flint in the Encyclopaedia Britannica's Britannica Library), but now William P. Reynolds Professor of History, University of Notre Dame"Columbus - Hero or Villain?," History today 42, no. 5 (May 1992):  9 (4-9).
     And yet it seems clear that there are, in Fernández-Armesto's mind, respects in which Columbus was and remains the former at least, not (of course) to mention respects in which he was clearly a man of his own time, indeed more Genoese than Spanish, given that he "never understood [already contemporary] Spanish[/Castilian] scruples about slavery" (6).  And yet "Las Casas revered him, and pitied, rather than censured, the imperfections of his attitude to the natives."  (Though I suppose the question might be, Right up until his death in 1566, 61 years after Columbus'?)

Sunday, October 19, 2025

"God be in my head and in my understanding"

Jesus soit en ma teste, et mon entendement, | Jesus soit en mes yeulx | et mon regardement, | Jesus soit en ma bouche et en mon parlement, | Jesus soit en mon cueur et en mon pensement, | Jesus soit en ma vie et en mon trespassement, | Ainsy soit-il.

[Jean ]Sonet-[Keith Val ]Sinclair 991.

But the incipit varied. See, for example, this JONAS entry (where there is a complete (?) list of manuscripts and early printings, with dates, the earliest (plural) being either 15th century or second half of 15th century):

Jesus soit en mon chef et mon entendement...

Sonet-Sinclair 993



Jhesus soit en mon ame et en mon entendement;
Jhesus soit en ma bouche et en mon parlement...

Sonet-Sinclair 992

And in this one, at least, possibly Sonet-Sinclair 993, other words (fin) did as well: 

Jhesus soit en mon chef et mo[n] entendement.
Jhesus soit en ma bouche et mon parlement.
Jhesus soit en mon cueur et en mon pensement.
Jhesus soit en ma fin et a mon trespasseme[n]t.

Paris. Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Ms. 2879 (15th cent.), fol. 73r-73v (whence the image above).